Pakistani scientists develop low-cost anti-bacterial fabric

A team of Pakistani researchers has developed a low-cost antibacterial fabric that can be used in wound dressing, lab coats, masks and various types of packaging materials. The team led by Saadat Majeed, Associate Professor-Division of Analytical Chemistry at the Bahauddin Zakariya University in Multan, tested the eco-friendly Chitosan and silver nanoparticles modified fabric for four common types of bacteria. Bacteria are the most common cause of infectious diseases worldwide. The fabric was very effective in preventing microbial contamination. The research appeared in Nature, a prestigious science journal. Read more: 81 Pakistanis among world’s top 2% scientists The research team took the normal fabric and treated it with alkali, which created the active sites in the fabric for modification. Then they dipped the fabric piece in silver nanoparticles and Chitosan – a type of sugar from crabs and lobsters – which coated the cloth with an extra invisible layer. “This coating has active antimicrobial properties and kills the bacterial strains immediately upon contact," the lead researcher told The Express Tribune, adding that many other methods involve toxic chemicals or expensive equipment, but this method is relatively easy and affordable. "All we need is a beaker and cost-effective material for modifications," she added. SEM images of non-woven cotton fabric (NWCF) (a), AgNPs-NWCF (b), Chitosan@AgNPs-NWCF (c), and  N-halamine-chitosan@AgNPs-NWCF (d). Chitosan is a biomaterial used for many biomedical applications including antibacterial activities. It has excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. The positive ionic charges created on the backbone of the chitosan during treatment effectively provide the sites for further modifications and immobilisation. On the other hand, silver nanoparticles are one of the emerging materials in scientific research and development. These nanomaterials exhibit large surface area and tuneable particle size which render them an effective tool in combating bacteria. The coating of these two materials in the fabric can allow protection against microbes with minimal cytotoxicity and synergistically. The piece was observed with different techniques to check how well the coating spread evenly. The fabric was double-checked with electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography. Pathogens loaded To check the antimicrobial properties, the team loaded the fabric with four common types of microbes, namely Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, and E.coli, responsible for pneumonia, infections, hospital contamination and diarrhoea respectively with other diseases. These microbes also cause serious infections in hospital settings and even turn a wound into an incurable ulcer in case of severe infection. Also read: Pakistani scientist sets two world records in solar cell technology In laboratory experiments, when compared to normal fabric, the antibacterial patch showed 85 per cent efficacy to kill the bacteria and prevented further spreading it to the other parts as a colony. The results showed that the fabric treatment method has the potential to be used for hospital fabrics, masks, and food packaging materials. More specific trials are underway. Speaking to The Express Tribune, Dr Saadat Majeed said that the global pandemic halted many imports including medical supplies so the team started exploring medical fabrics as an emerging field with research on anti-bacterial material, and decided to develop it with an innovative approach locally and the method is now about to be patent. The fabric is stable as the quality and strength is not compromised during the whole process. The textile does not lose its characteristics and modified contents even after rinsing 10-15 times with water. Promising shelf life Storage and shelf life is also an important aspect of the commercialisation of antimicrobial fabric. In this regard, many samples were strictly checked in light and darkness. One piece of cloth was exposed to UVA light for continues six weeks. The test was necessary to check the efficacy of the antimicrobial procedure. In another experiment, another cloth was put in the dark in the same observational settings. The fabric retains its maximum antimicrobial properties even after 12 weeks. “The overall treatment and modification of fabric do not affect the essential qualities of fabric,” said Tayyab Raza, senior PhD scholar and co-author. The fabric treatment method is a hallmark of teamwork of different institutes and scholars from diverse disciplines. It was a joint collaborative effort of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi University, Nishtar Medical University, Govt. College University Faisalabad and Abasyn University, Islamabad Campus.

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Formation of parliamentary committee imperative for judicial reforms: Bilawal

Hitting out at the institution including the establishment and judiciary for playing a "controversial role", Foreign Minister and Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) Chairman Bilawal Bhutto-Zardari has demanded to form a parliamentary committee for judicial reforms. "Now is the time to form a parliamentary committee for judicial reforms. We will decide how many judges will sit on a bench. If the higher judiciary wants to announce verdicts then it's fine but all the judges will have to sit," Bilawal said in a fiery speech during a session of the National Assembly in Islamabad on Wednesday. He urged the lower house of parliament to work against the "violation of the Constitution and if it cannot do that then "we should put locks on the assembly". Also read: Govt decides to legislate to ‘clip powers’ of Supreme Court "It took us three years to make this Constitution. But when the time came to violate it, all institutions came together. It took us 30 years to restore the Constitution in its original shape," he added. The foreign minister said that they never tried to bring any institution by naming them X or Y and had only requested that when one institution is giving a verdict against another institution then a full court bench should be formed and whatever it decides, the government will accept. "Our demand was not restricted to [Punjab CM matter]. But when the previous government tried to sabotage the no-confidence motion and we approached the court, I had the same request. I had said that this was a constitutional matter and a full court bench should be formed. It was not created at that time and not at this time. Bilawal said that the former prime minister Benazir Bhutto accepted martyrdom in the struggle for democracy. "We restored the 1973 Constitution. We cleaned it from the Articles army rulers had included in it." Read more: Sanaullah threatens governor's rule in Punjab Talking about his party's achievements in the democratic process in Pakistan, the PPP leader said that the president used to have the right to dissolve the assembly whenever he wished but the PPP abolished it. "We snatched 58-2B from the president and gave it to this house. We signed the charter of democracy so that the judiciary can work freely, people can vote as per their wishes and journalists work without any fear." He regretted that a "nexus" was produced which kept on working on how it can make Pakistan a "controlled democracy". "There is no 58-2B now but the new 58-2B has gone to the court." He said that PPP workers struggled for former chief justice Iftikhar Chaudhry but the same person gave decisions which were not according to the law. "But the [PPP] govt did not attack the court. We kept working and ultimately reached our goal. We restored the democracy and also completed our term for the first time in the history of Pakistan." Bilawal said that political forces in Pakistan had decided to bring judicial reforms under the charter of democracy which was implemented, adding that they were "threatened to roll them back via the 19th amendment. "We were threatened that if it did not happen, the 18th Amendment will be eliminated. Today, I am admitting that it was our mistake that we fell for that threat and passed the 19th Amendment. We should have never done that. We should have said to the judiciary of that time that this is the Constitution of Pakistan and if you cannot follow it then you can go home but we will not change the Constitution." Bilawal said that the judiciary sent home a prime minister whose party had the two-third majority in parliament. He said that during the election campaign, some judges were taking part in a political campaign. "This house must take notice that the personalities who are not part of the political process what are they doing in election campaigns be it 2018 general elections or by-elections. I can tell you this that in the 2018 general election, CJP Saqib Nisar was running the election campaign against us. He came to Larkana and gave speeches and used to slap other judges. On polling day, our candidate Faisal Saleh Hayat was winning. The chief justice of Pakistan reached his opponent. The judge who was doing the recounting, how would he dare to go against the chief justice." To form a "selected" system, Bilawal said: The institutions are playing a "controversial role" and not constitutional. "We want them to play the constitutional role and not controversial whether it be establishment or judiciary... their role should not be controversial. That is why we had suggested forming a full court bench. It doesn't matter to me whether Hamza Shehbaz becomes the chief minister or Pervaiz Elahi but the country cannot be ruled by two separate constitutions," he added. LIVE #APPNews : Foreign Minister Bilawal Bhutto Zardari expressing his views in @NAofPakistan #Islamabad @BBhuttoZardari @MediaCellPPP https://t.co/vjMS5XkDs5 — APP 🇵🇰 (@appcsocialmedia) July 27, 2022  

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World Hepatitis Day: Pakistan ‘can’t wait’ to eliminate viral disease

Today is World Hepatitis Day. This day serves as a global reminder that nearly 1.5 million people still die around the world as a result of contaminated water, poor medical care, unsanitary injections, and a lack of disease awareness. In 2022 the theme of World Hepatitis day is ‘I Can’t Wait’. Fifteen million people suffer from Hepatitis B and C in Pakistan, making it the biggest killer among communicable diseases. Hepatitis B and C are both blood-borne diseases that are spread through unsafe injections, unsanitary practices at hospitals, dental clinics and tattoo parlors, among other causes. A lesser known but dangerous form of Hepatitis is Hepatitis E, which is water-borne, and  in Pakistan, is also one of the leading causes of deaths in expecting mothers and in patients with a history of liver disease. Read more: Scourge of hepatitis needs prudent handling, says expert Between 40% and 60% of Pakistanis living in the urban areas lack access to safe drinking water. Also, 25-40% of hospital beds in Pakistan are occupied by patients suffering from waterborne diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, and Hepatitis E (HEV).  Maternal mortality rate due to Hepatitis E can reach 38%, while the fetal mortality rate can reach 48%, one of the highest in the world. Hepatitis E is a liver inflammation caused by infection with the Hepatitis E virus (HEV). The virus spreads through the fecal-oral route, primarily through contaminated water. Every year, an estimated 20 million HEV infections occur worldwide, resulting in an estimated 3.3 million Hepatitis E symptomatic cases. According to estimates, Hepatitis E took the lives of 70,000 people last year. A promising development in the country’s fight against Hepatitis E occurred last year with the introduction of Hecolin, the world’s first vaccine against Hepatitis E, introduced in Pakistan by Ferozsons Laboratories Ltd in partnership with Xiamen Innovax Biotech, a renowned Chinese biopharmaceutical company. Also read: Hepatitis patients awaiting medicine supply Hecolin is a promising Hepatitis E vaccine that can significantly reduce maternal mortality resulting from Hepatitis E. Results of its phase III trials and its long-term efficacy were published in The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine, respectively. With the vaccine now freely available, government has the option of vaccinating its citizens who are at higher risk of developing life-threatening complications due to HEV. “According to a recent estimate, over 200,000 new patients develop hepatitis every year, and 10% to 40% of people with chronic infection may develop cirrhosis and potentially liver cancer,” said Osman Khalid Waheed, CEO of Ferozsons Laboratories Ltd. “Many people contract the infection unknowingly, because of the reuse of syringes, dental equipment, and barber shop equipment,” he further said. Highly effective treatments for hepatitis C can cure the infection in over 96% of people and two lethal forms of viral hepatitis - Hepatitis B & E - can be prevented through vaccination.” “As a country, we need to focus on disease prevention through awareness and vaccination, and in the case of Hepatitis C in particular, elimination through treatment and cure,” he added.

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Govt jacks up power tariff by Rs3.50 per unit

The federal government on Tuesday announced an increase in the basic electricity tariff by Rs3.50 per unit to Rs20.41 with immediate effect. The government will increase Rs7.91 per unit in base electricity tariff from national average of Rs16.91 per unit to Rs24.82 per kWh to recover an additional Rs893.83 billion from consumers during the ongoing fiscal 2022-23. The government on Tuesday implemented the first phase of increase in base tariff by Rs3.50 per unit effective from July 26, 2022. In the second phase, the government will further increase base electricity tariff by Rs3.50 from August and 91 paisas per unit from October. In response to a motion filed by the federal government, the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority had recently allowed charging uniform tariff from the end consumers of all power distribution companies and K-Electric by Rs7.91 per unit for the financial year 2022-23. Federal Minister for Power Khurram Dastgir and Minister of State for Petroleum Musadik Malik announced the increase in electricity tariff during a joint news conference on Tuesday. The power minister said that the cabinet had approved the increase in electricity rates.However, he said that the government had protected the poor segment of the society as the electricity rates had not been increased for users consuming one to 50 units a month. “There will also be no increase in tariff for consumers using 200 units a month.”Dastgir said energy prices would start decreasing from November, adding that by December, the basic electricity tariff would be Rs24 per unit. “Much of the increase in the bills will come in the form of fuel surcharges and there will be no increase on account of fuel adjustment due to higher electricity base tariff,” the minister said. Earlier, the government had increased in electricity rates in February. READ Power outages test Lahore’s patience Dastgir said that the federal cabinet had taken important decisions regarding electricity rates.There will be uninterrupted power supply to industrial feeders in the country, the minister said, adding that five major export-oriented sectors would be provided gas and electricity at low cost. He said the purpose of the decision was to benefit from exports and Pakistan's export industry was fully ready for competition.In June, he said, the electricity production from Tarbela Dam went up to 4,500 megawatts. The minister revealed that both coal and gas were not available in the world market at the moment, but gas was available from friendly countries. “Efforts are being made to increase power supply and ensure its availability,” he said, adding that the next few months would be difficult due to rise in the electricity rates.Dastgir claimed that circular debt had come down by Rs214 billion. Currently, the amount of unpaid bills to the Power Division amounted to Rs1,000 billion, the minister claimed. “The recovery of these bills stood at Rs300 billion in 2018 when the PML-N government left. Now, these bills have increased sevenfold.” Dastgir announced that a new law was in the works that would bring transparency in commercial transactions between governments. “Many friendly countries want to invest in Pakistan.” He added that there were delays regarding privatisation, adding that the draft law on privatisation for investment in Pakistan would soon land in the assembly for approval. On Tuesday, Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif approved the appointment of Privatisation Commission chairman. Abid Hussain Bhayo, the federal minister for privatisation, has been entrusted with the charge through a notification. Addressing the media persons, the minister of state for petroleum said that the efforts being made by the incumbent government to provide relief to the masses from soaring inflation would start yielding results from November this year. Malik again tried to shift the blame on the previous government for all the ills, saying had it increased electricity production prices, which had not been done since February 2021, “we would not have been facing such difficulties”. “These electricity prices will not have any effect on 45% of Pakistan's population,” Malik claimed, adding that around 13 million people were in the “protected” slab.

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First Nishan-i-Haider recipient remembered

Soon after Pakistan was carved out of India at birth, the infant nation woke up to its first war in Kashmir, its ‘jugular vein’. Men in uniform picked up their battered rucksacks and walked right into hell and shed their blood like water to snuff out the blaze. Captain Raja Muhammad Sarwar, the country’s first recipient of Nishan-i-Haider, the highest military honour, is one of them and holds a distinction in the great honourable list of those who never lived to wear the medal on their chests. A grateful nation will commemorate his 74th martyrdom anniversary today (Wednesday). Sarwar was born in Singhori village in Gujar Khan Tehsil on November 10, 1910. His father, Raja Muhammad Hayat Khan, served in the British army as a constable. He joined the army as a sepoy in April 1929 and served in the Baloch regiment till 1941. Later, he was commissioned in the Punjab Regiment in 1944, after which he participated in World War II and was promoted to the rank of captain in 1946 for his outstanding service. In 1948, he was serving as a company commander in the second battalion of the Punjab Regiment when he was assigned to an operation in Kashmir. His comrades later reminisced that Sarwar was yearning to lead the war on the frontline and began mounting his efforts to join the frontline troops when the war broke out. Confident of his abilities, he pleaded with the commanding officer to send him on the mission. However, the situation worsened and the commanding officer finally relented deciding to entrust Sarwar with a whole team of soldiers to go and destroy the enemy’s post. He was given the rank of company commander of the second battalion of the Punjab Regiment. Under his leadership, the regiment was able to force the Indian troops to retreat out of battle regions of Gilgit-Baltistan. However, his battalion faced heavy resistance from the opponents present in the Uri sector as the soldiers pushed forward to take over a well-guarded enemy position. In spite of strong backlashes and enemy grabbing security fronts with barbed wire, Capt Sarwar kept on firing with cold courage as he bled from his injuries. Finally, along with six of his comrades, he crossed the barbed wire and launched the final attack, crying “Allahu Akbar" (God is great). As he along with his battalion continued moving forward, the intensity of gunfire, grenade attacks, and mortar fire increased. He embraced martyrdom on July 27, 1948, after receiving multiple shots on his chest as he attempted to cut a barbed-wire barrier while making an effort to progress further into enemy lines. The morning's sun saw the green crescent flag of Pakistan fluttering on this hill. In recognition of his exceptional acts of gallantry, Sarwar was awarded the honour on March 23, 1956, an honour his widow received at the hands of the President of Pakistan, Muhammad Ayub Khan. The body of Capt. Sarwar is buried at the Hill of Tilpatra which is near Uri in Indian-occupied Kashmir where he was buried on July 27, 1948. General Ayub Khan eulogised the martyr in his address: “I feel proud to mention the sacrifice of Captain Mohammad Sarwar Shaheed, who has added a new chapter in the history of Pakistan by being the first to receive the Nishan-e-Haider. By giving a great sacrifice, he made the name of himself, his army and his Unit alive forever. Indeed, we all are proud of his sacrifice. Let us all pledge to remember this golden feat forever and will keep it fresh.”

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Bilawal decries tax on diplomats’ allowances

The government on Tuesday remained non-committal to restoration of income tax exemption for Pakistani diplomats posted abroad due to its hands tied by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as Foreign Minister Bilawal Bhutto Zardari feared the tax could “paralyse” his ministry. The foreign minister also termed the Finance Ministry’s decision to exclude the Foreign Service of Pakistan from a 150% executive allowance as “discriminatory and beyond any logic”. The Finance Minister Miftah Ismail and Foreign Minister Bilawal met at the Q Block to find solution but their meeting remained inconclusive. “The issue of restoring the income tax exemption for Pakistani diplomats posted abroad will be taken up with the IMF, as the government cannot do it without the consent of the IMF,” said Dr Aisha Pasha, the Minister of State for Finance. At this time, she added, the revival of the IMF programme was in the supreme national interest. A Finance Ministry handout issued after the meeting stated that “various financial issues related to Pakistan’s Missions abroad and Ministry of Foreign Affairs were also discussed during the meeting” between Bilawal and Miftah, which was also attended by the minister of state. In the new budget, the government withdrew the income tax exemption on payment of any allowance or perquisite paid or allowed to Pakistani employees posted abroad. The annual cost of the exemption is Rs1.035 billion in fiscal year 2022, according to the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR). “Enforcing this tax is tantamount to virtually paralysing a premier institution of the state,” the foreign minister wrote to the prime minister. Bilawal said that it was surprising that instead of granting the much-needed upward revision of allowances, a tax had been imposed that significantly reduced even the current level of these allowances. Pakistani employees posted abroad get various allowances and perquisites for house rent, education fees and other purposes. Before the budget, these allowances were exempted from the income tax. But under the IMF deal these allowances were made part of the taxable income. Bilawal had asked for immediate suspension of the implementation of the tax on allowances and perquisites to the employees posted abroad and revision of the memorandum of June 19, 2022 regarding the executive allowance to include the officers of the Foreign Affairs Ministry. According to an official, Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif had set up a committee that would take the decision about the income tax exemption and executive allowance. FBR Chairman Asim Ahmed had also been made member of the committee. “The finance minister acknowledged the importance and contribution of the foreign missions abroad and assured the foreign minister of addressing their financial issues through appropriate procedures and directed the relevant authorities to expedite the process for resolution of these issues,” the Finance Ministry statement said. “For the first time since 1947, income tax has been imposed on allowances and perquisites of all officers and officials posted at Pakistan missions aboard in the Finance Act 2022 by parliament on June 30,” Bilawal wrote to the Prime Minister Shehbaz last week. He further stated that taxing the allowances and perquisites that were meant to ensure “financial solvency of our diplomats and their representational status will shift the focus of our personnel abroad” from work to survival. The foreign minister wrote that the tax would equally impact the officers, officials of ministries of commerce, information, overseas Pakistanis, Intelligence Bureau, Federal Investigation Agency, Inter Service Intelligence (ISI) and armed forces serving in various countries. “The imposition of this tax simply runs counter to the raison d’etre of these allowances ie, enabling them to meet the cost of living in their respective stations of duty and effectively and forcefully safeguard and advance Pakistan’s national interests,” Bilawal stated. Executive allowance Bilawal pointed out that the officers of the Foreign Service of Pakistan serving in Pakistan had been excluded from the executive allowance. This exclusion, he added, was “largely discriminatory and beyond any logic as well as principles of justice and fairness”. The Finance Ministry “distorted the cabinet’s decision of June10, turning it into a discriminatory measure, which was clearly not the intention of the cabinet while taking the decision about the executive allowance”, according to the foreign minister. Last week, the government notified a highly discriminatory 150% executive allowance for the bureaucrats serving in the President’s Secretariat, Prime Minister’s Office and the Federal Secretariat, while excluding many other officers also serving under the same roof. The Express Tribune had reported that the notification was highly discriminatory and was prone to court challenges in addition to raising questions about its timing, as the country was passing through difficult economic times.

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Flood alert issued for Punjab

As the spell of “abnormal” monsoon rains continues to lash the country, the Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) on Tuesday issued a low-medium flood alert for the Chenab river, asking all concerned districts to stay on high alert and take precautionary measures to protect the populations in the adjacent districts. Amid surging water levels in the rivers, the authority said that according to the report of the flood forecasting station, there was a possibility of a low-medium flood. Citing the report, the PDMA said the water discharge in the river was recorded at 15,4890 cusecs which, it warned, may cause flooding in the areas of Hafizabad district. It advised that the adjacent districts should also complete their preparations and set up relief camps. “According to the directives of the Punjab government, the protection of life and property of the people is the first priority,” the notification said. Separately, the PDMA warned, quoting the Met office, that monsoon winds entering the upper and central regions of the country from July 27 and spreading to other regions on July 31, may result in another week of rains. During this period, Rawalpindi, Murree, Attock, Chakwal, Jhelum, Sialkot, Narowal, Lahore, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Sheikhupura, Faisalabad, Jhang, Mianwali, Khushab, Sargodha, Hafizabad, Mandi Bahauddin, Sahiwal, Okara, Bhakkar, Multan, Khanewal, Pakpattan, Vehari, Rajanpur, Dera Ghazi Khan, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Rahim Yar Khan and Khanpur are likely to receive more rain with strong winds and thundershowers. The authority cautioned that these winds may generate heavy rains and there was a risk of inundation of low-lying areas in Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Lahore and Gujranwala, besides flooding in the hills and rivers of Dera Ghazi Khan from July 27 to July 31. Meanwhile, the heavy rain is expected to increase the flow of water in the local and rainwater channels of the Ravi, Jhelum and Chenab rivers. It also warned of the risk of landslides in Murree, advising tourists to plan travel while keeping in mind the weather conditions. “An alert has been issued to the district administrations of Punjab to keep their arrangements in place and be prepared to deal with the emergency situation,” the notification said. According to a spokesperson of Wapda, the inflow at Mangla dam was 35,100 cusecs while the outflow was 10,000 cusecs. Similarly, the inflow of water at Tarbela and Chashma was also increasing. A day earlier, Wapda had requested the Indus River System Authority (Irsa) to allow it to carry out sedimentation removal operation at Chashma reservoir. Wapda’s chief engineer and project director Gohar Zaman Bhabha said: “It is informed by Irsa that due to filling constraint at Tarbela Dam surplus water flows are expected at Chashma Barrage in due course of time. Monsoon rain spell is continuing at present in large parts of the country and expected to continue for some time”. Army assisting civil administrations Meanwhile, the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) said on Tuesday that the Pakistan Army troops are assisting civil administration in rescue and relief efforts in areas hit by recent urban flooding in various parts of the country. “Pakistan Army Emergency Response teams are consistently busy in dewatering and supplying basic food necessities and medical care to the affected population," said the military's media wing. Several districts in south Punjab and some in central parts of the province were pounded by rain which resulted in casualties. A breach in a canal flooded several villages and farmland in Bahawalnagar whereas rain over the Koh-e-Suleman mountain range caused damage to 14 villages in Rajanpur and Dera Ghazi Khan.

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